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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
| − | This article covers important concepts in early development and attachment. For development of a school-age child and adolescents see corresponding articles. Brain and CNS maturation is addressed in a dedicated article as well. | + | This article covers important concepts in early development and attachment. Early cognitive development is addressed here as well. For development of a school-age child and adolescents see corresponding articles. Brain and CNS maturation is addressed in a dedicated article as well. |
==Important concepts== | ==Important concepts== | ||
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==5 stages of Infant/Toddler development== | ==5 stages of Infant/Toddler development== | ||
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===1 - Prenatal period=== | ===1 - Prenatal period=== | ||
| + | History of exposures to illness or toxins during pregnancy, complications at delivery, as well as family's attitude towards pregnancy and family will affect the infant's psychosocial development. | ||
===2 - Infant 0-2 mo=== | ===2 - Infant 0-2 mo=== | ||
| − | Infants at this stage are able to track moving objects. | + | * Infants at this stage are able to track moving objects. |
| + | * '''Social smile''' (imitating caregiver's smile) develops at 6-8weeks. | ||
===3 - Infant 3-7 mo=== | ===3 - Infant 3-7 mo=== | ||
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'''Stranger anxiety''' appears at about 8 months, peaks at about 24 months, and steadily declines thereafter. | '''Stranger anxiety''' appears at about 8 months, peaks at about 24 months, and steadily declines thereafter. | ||
* At around 12 mo, trial-and-error problem solving begins to replace conditioned response learning | * At around 12 mo, trial-and-error problem solving begins to replace conditioned response learning | ||
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===4 - Toddler 7-18 mo=== | ===4 - Toddler 7-18 mo=== | ||
A sense of '''intersubjectivity''' (the understanding that one's thought, feelings, gestures, and sounds can be understood by others) is first to develop, leading to communicative gesturing. | A sense of '''intersubjectivity''' (the understanding that one's thought, feelings, gestures, and sounds can be understood by others) is first to develop, leading to communicative gesturing. | ||
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===5 - Toddler 18-36 mo=== | ===5 - Toddler 18-36 mo=== | ||
| + | * With growing language skills '''symbolic representation''' solidifies around 18 mo and leads to symbolic play. (allowing one object to stand for another: doll represents a baby) | ||
[[Category:Development]] | [[Category:Development]] | ||
Revision as of 20:13, 25 July 2012
Contents
Introduction
This article covers important concepts in early development and attachment. Early cognitive development is addressed here as well. For development of a school-age child and adolescents see corresponding articles. Brain and CNS maturation is addressed in a dedicated article as well.
Important concepts
Genes, the environment, and the interaction of these two forces each play a large role in cognitive development. This transactional model of child development, is the prevailing paradigm, stressing the dynamic interplay between individual- (genes, experience) and contextual-level (aspects of environment, culture) factors. (Lewis)
5 stages of Infant/Toddler development
1 - Prenatal period
History of exposures to illness or toxins during pregnancy, complications at delivery, as well as family's attitude towards pregnancy and family will affect the infant's psychosocial development.
2 - Infant 0-2 mo
- Infants at this stage are able to track moving objects.
- Social smile (imitating caregiver's smile) develops at 6-8weeks.
3 - Infant 3-7 mo
- The stage is characterized by increasing social reciprocity.
- Separation anxiety emerges at 6-8mo, peaks at about 14 to 18 months and subsequently declines.
- Object permanence is developed in the second half of this stage. This allows mental representations of people and objects, and a subsequent distinction between parents and strangers.
Stranger anxiety appears at about 8 months, peaks at about 24 months, and steadily declines thereafter.
- At around 12 mo, trial-and-error problem solving begins to replace conditioned response learning
4 - Toddler 7-18 mo
A sense of intersubjectivity (the understanding that one's thought, feelings, gestures, and sounds can be understood by others) is first to develop, leading to communicative gesturing.
5 - Toddler 18-36 mo
- With growing language skills symbolic representation solidifies around 18 mo and leads to symbolic play. (allowing one object to stand for another: doll represents a baby)